Real alien footage lmao
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
This isnt real alien footage for any one who wants to slate this, this is just random and reminded me off aliens for some reason so i place
it up here because im a bell end
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Alien Sightings in Art Department
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
To show how bored we can be at work, I’ve made a sci-fi tale
of when we were opening the mold for scale statues. anyway, you’ll get it when you watch it.
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Tags: Alien, Department, Sightings
NAVIGATING THE NATION THROUGH TODAY’S SHAME TO TOMORROW’S FAME: SOCIAL STUDIES AS PILOT, A Love Song to My Husband and the New Nigeria, 17TH IN THE SE
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
NAVIGATING THE NATION THROUGH TODAYâS SHAME TO TOMORROWâS FAME:
SOCIAL STUDIES AS PILOT
17TH IN THE SERIES OF INAUGURAL LECTURES OF THE DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA, NIGERIA.
Delivered by
Professor Emman Osakwe
B.Sc. (Nig), M.Ed. (Philadelphia), M.A. (London) Ph.D (Ibadan)
Professor of Social Studies and Dean, Postgraduate School,
Delta State University, Abraka.
On Thursday, February 26, 2009
© Copyright 2009 Delta State University, Abraka
All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or by any means, Photocopying, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
ISBN 978 â 33872 â 7 â 4 Published February, 2009 By
DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA,
DELTA STATE, NIGERIA.
Printed By
Justice Jeco Press and Publishers Ltd.,
Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
PROLOGUE/PREFACE
This Processed Teacher is Professor+⦠Well-known +, Nigeria Will Become
(A Like Song to My Husband and the New Nigeria)
And he said: âmarry me, May!â
âI do no such thing: marry no âteacherâ said May
Dreg of Professions: the teacher â disqualified
Yet, most telling, lingering voice from the classroom!- qualified
This teacher now processed, is professor, prophet and priest.
Palm oil, the broom and sponge, banga soup â processed palm
Through fire, through water, the sharp blade, agents of decay â processed
As kero, diesel, petrol, cream, jelly, this balm â processed crude
Emman Osakwe, processed teacher, a voice heard beyond
Beyond the rostrum to the nations.
Processed through pain, deprivation, denial, derided then,
Todayâs lecturer mounts the rostrum, behold he comes:
My husband, my principal, mon pére
Processed through fire, through waters, denied his due
This principal teacher of teachers of teachers
Is a teacher, teaching teachers of teachers of teachers.
Promotion to peak denied for ten years!
My co-parent, persevering through the years!
Like diamond; processed from carbon, my patient prince and peace maker
This principal teacher loaded with knowledge:
Intellectual and divine, has a message:
Nigeria is processing through shame â
Shame of corruption, of grave-like greed!
Shame of maladministration and misrule
Misrule, yielding tall poverty from giant opulence
Shame of monumental wastage of resources
Shame of wickedness and religious godlessness
Processing through shame to our desired fame:
Our well-known fatherland, yes our motherland;
Land of my birth, land of my pain, land of my shame
Land of your birth, land of your pain, land of your shame
Dependent too long after independence, fragile like the eaglet
For this fragile eaglet, ready to fall, unable to glide ,
Will become the fantastic eagle in flight
Well-known bird; not to glide but to soar â
Land of my birth, land of your birth, land of our birth
Land of my fame, land of your fame, land of our fame â
Nigeria is your name!
Mabel Ejime Osakwe (2009)
Chair, English Language
Delta State University, Abraka
COURTESIES
The Vice-Chancellor,
The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Admin.)
The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic)
The Provosts, Asaba and Oleh Campuses,
The Acting Registrar,
The Bursar,
The University Librarian,
The Provost, College of Health Sciences,
Dean, Faculty of Education,
Deans of Other Faculties,
Professors and other members of Senate,
Heads of Department and other academic Colleagues,
Members of Administrative and Technical Staff,
My Lords Spiritual and Temporal,
Members of my family, Nuclear and Extended,
My In-laws,
Distinguished Invited Guests,
Gentlemen of the Press,
Fantastic DELSUITES,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Preamble
I feel highly honoured and priviledged to be called upon to deliver the 17th Inaugural Lecture of the Delta State University, Abraka. I thank God for granting us journey mercies to this gathering and I believe He will take all of us home safely in Jesus Name â Amen.
Did you buy and read todayâs papers? How many mind bugging and gory tales ? What is the latest on militancy and criminality in the Niger Delta? How painful! You may try to take your mind off those depressive issues and feed your mind with the Obama huge dream come right and so will ours. Yes, welcome to this forum! To this God given opportunity for us to reflect and discuss social issues akin to those raised earlier in this welcome tip. Sorry to tell you though that I have the monopoly of the floor in this discussion that is why it is called a lecture. But release your mind to travel along, as Social Studies pilots our navigation, through todayâs shame to tomorrowâs fame.
INTRODUCTION
The first thing to give attention to is the nature and purpose of Social Studies and how it serves as a vehicle for responding to issues of our time. Succinctly place , Social Studies is about learning to live and participate in this world, at a particular time and place; hence we have the formula:
SSEÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â =Â Â Â Â Â PSpt
PÂ Â Â Â Â =Â Â Â Â Â People
SÂ Â Â Â Â =Â Â Â Â Â Society
PÂ Â Â Â Â =Â Â Â Â Â place
t      =     time
This lecture being an indepth discourse on an aspect of my academic expertise, and my contribution to social studies as a field of knowledge, will be guided by the SSE formula as stated and the nature of Social Studies.
Here then, P means The Nigerian People; S means The Nigerian Society; p means The geographical entity called Nigeria and t means Nigeria yesterday today and tomorrow. In this lecture, Nigeria yesterday implies pre-colonial Nigeria to the era before the 2nd Republic, while Nigeria today spans the period 2nd Republic to date.
We recognize that this audience is not only interdisciplinary âgownâ but also a heterogeneous âtownâ. Attempts will be made then to operate within this defined perimeter.
Social Studies touches on every facet of human existence: man himself as a product of nature, and social man as a product of nurture; arising from the social, political, economic and physical environment. Social studies has therefore for long been identified as a veritable tool or avenue for reshapening society. (Lawton and Durfour 1973, Osakwe 1993) The very nature, content and scope of social studies, makes it a virile instrument for developing a new social â political order. This lecturer has professed majorly in this area of social studies and has 20 publications related to the present discourse. Four of such are listed here:
Osakwe, E.O. (1992) âSocial studies and the Military in Nigerian politicsâ Nigerian Journal of Social Studies Review Vol. 2, No 2, pp. 89-91
Osakwe, E.O. (1993a) Citizenship Education: The Hub of Social Studies Nigerian Journal of Social Studies Review. Vol. 2, No. 3, Pp. 23-38.
Osakwe, E.O. (1994a) Citizenship Education in a Multi-ethnic Society: Some Pedagogical Insights. Studies in Education Vol. 2. No 1. April. Pp 60-64.
Osakwe, E.O. (1994b) Instructional Strategies for teaching the Social Studies: Using Exemplars and Non-Exemplars Nigerian Journal of social Studies Vol. III, No. 1 & 2 pp. 49-55.
In Nigeria, Social Studies found practical expression into the school system after the 1969 National Curriculum Conference. The subject is geared towards building individuals and thereby building the nation (Osakwe 1993). The potentials of Social Studies are yet to be fully exploited in our quest for a desirable socio-political and economic order.
Social Studies is concerned with human relationships. The world is constantly undergoing changes and Social Studies remains a veritable instrument for examining these changes, whether they be positive or negative. Social Studies revolves around humans (people) and all that impinges on them.
Areas of Emphasis in Social Studies
The knowledge included in Social Studies is related to vital generalizations about human relationships, institutions and problems, together with supporting facts to ensure that these generalizations are clearly understood (Osakwe and Itedjere 1993). Social Studies examines issues and problems from a holistic viewpoint â consequently, in resolving a problem or an issue, social studies examines the historical, cultural, sociological, economical, physical and other related dimensions. Unlike the vertical concentration that is noticeable in most school subjects, social studies adopts a horizontal spiral approach in the analysis of it problems. Social Studies, has strong affinity with the Social Sciences, but must not be seen as an amalgam of the social sciences.
Social Studies education is an avenue for providing young people with a feeling of hope in the future and confidence in their ability to solve the social and environmental problems of individuals, their community, state or nation.
On this occasion, this lecture addresses an aspect of my discipline which is of academic and public interest â Navigating the Nation, Through Todayâs Shame to Tomorrowâs Fame: Social Studies as Pilot.
Addressing the issues of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow automatically provides three segments of discourse: Nigeria Yesterday Nigeria Today and Nigeria Tomorrow.
NIGERIA â YESTERDAY
It is simplistic to address the problems of nation building in Nigeria today without paying due attention to our past and the global past as it affected our past and present.
Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Sir, the educational system which we inherited from our colonial masters, although criticized for alienating us from our culture, produced disciplined individuals and people we will regard as pillars of our democracy and national development. Our educational system of yesteryears was highly structured, organized and predictable. This was the era when education was fully the responsibility of Government or Mission Agencies. Educational institutions were adequately staffed, equipped and supervision was effective. The academic calendar was stable with hardly any disruption. An entrant into the system was able to predict when he/she will graduate. Non graduation of a candidate at the appropriate time was never the fault of the school or institution but the inability of the student to work hard enough to graduate as plotted by the educational establishment. The period under discussion was marked by students in primary and secondary schools putting on uniforms that were uniform indeed. There was no provision for students making their own seats/desks or for boarders, providing their own beds. Laboratories in secondary and tertiary institutions were comparable with what obtained in other parts of the world.
Sound moral education was part and parcel of the education in pre 1970 to late 80s Nigeria. Relationship between pupils and teachers, students and teachers and students and lecturers at various levels of education was to a very fantastic extent professional. Incidents of examination malpractice were very rare and anyone caught compromising the integrity of examination was promptly dealt with. Incidents of students negotiating grades with their lecturers or lecturers/teachers asking for âincentivesâ were nearly non-existent. During the period under review, academic standards in Nigeriaâs first generation universities was commendable and comparable to what obtained in the more advanced countries of Europe and America. The period witnessed massive staff exchange from overseas universities. Our universities had real international orientation and reputation, with staff and students coming from different parts of the world. Apart from the international outlook of our universities and academics, university lecturers were highly respected and were at the apex of social rating. Okecha (2008) rightly noted that the mention of the title âProfessorâ attracted much attention. The office of the Vice-Chancellor was highly reverred. The Vice-Chancellor was more respected than any government appointee.
Most Nigerians who went through tertiary education loved one form of financial support or the other from the Government. Education was a worthwhile venture and was seen as the key that unlocked the door to success and fame.
Indolence, robbery, prostitution, ostentatious living, greed, oppression, social and spatial inequality were considered extremely disgraceful in Nigeria of yesteryears. It was common practice for example, for the vendor to leave the Dailies at the Porterâs Lodge as students were trusted to drop the money and pick the papers. Similarly, the proceeds of Rag Day were used for charity as expected. Social vices were frowned at and there was greater sense of accountability among the citizenry including public office holders. Workers reported at their duty posts at the expected time and remained at work till closing. School and other institutional gates were closed at 8 a.m. and remained so until closing. Truancy was an aberration and something seriously frowned at. There was freedom of political association, although political cleavages was along the three major ethnic groups with the exception of the Middle Belt that had her own political identity. It was possible for close relatives to belong to different political parties and yet still live in harmony. The example of the Ikokus can attest to this fact â that a father and son belonged to two opposing parties.
Humans are generally political animals. The ability to organize people into groups with whatever political motive is a basic instinct inherent in human beings. Nigerians are highly articulate political beings. There is the practice of traditional and community politics which has always been with us. There has been a merger between traditional and modern social life and party politics. Since culture is not static, traditional practices also adjusted to accommodate new challenges and developments including cross-cultural contacts with its attendant implications. The social life of a people and their political culture, to a fantastic extent affects several other areas of living. Nigeria is a political amalgam. This is indicative of the cultural plurality of the country. To a fantastic extent the North was much more politically articulate and responsive. This probably accounts for the practice wherein our Northern brothers are always with their radios and listening to local and international news, thereby being always informed. Social life and party politics is not a function of Western education. Some southerners in spite of their level of education, are still politically naïve and cannot read or know the political horizon. Nigeriaâs economy during this period was very stable and was hinged on agriculture. This was the era of the groundnut pyramids. Nigeria was the worldâs largest producer of groundnuts, rubber, palm oil and kernels, soya beans, beniseed and also a major producer of cotton, 2nd world producer of cocoa. It was within this period that Malaysia came to Nigeria to get our oil and rubber seedlings, to try out in their country. We know where both countries stand today in the production of palm oil and rubber.
Solid minerals like coal, tin and columbite were mined in economic quantities and Nigeria was known to be a major world player in the production of these minerals. The buoyancy of the economy was further boosted with the discovery of the black gold (oil) in Nigeria. Gradually, emphasis started to shift from agriculture to petroleum â¦â¦â¦.the mainstay of Nigerian economy. The Nigerian currency was strong and highly sought after during this period.
Exchange Rate Between the 70s and 80s
Nigeria              British                         American           German
N1                   pd Stg                      US $                 DM 3.64
£0.615                      $1.51
The figures above presents a vivid picture of the strength of the Naira at this time.
Nigeria was well served by road, rail, sea air transport. During this period there were over 95,000km of tarred roads and over 3,200km of one-metre gauge railway. Nigeria had just two international airports at Lagos and Kano. Both the northern and southern parts of the country attracted significant investment in infrastructural development, especially in rail and feeder roads, as well as some measure of social services such as electricity, water supply, hospitals, schools and colleges. This period was marked by staff of the Public Works Department (PWD) clearing of the grasses by the sides of the road to ensure long distance and clear vision for drivers and other road users. Roads were regularly maintained â although then, roads were narrow and sometimes windy, they were motorable throughout the year.
Nigeria Airways was the pride of West Africa. It towered over and above other airlines in the sub-region. Nigerian pilots were renowned for their courtesy, competence and confidence. Their take-off and landing was remarkable and devoid of jerks and hiccups. Nigerian Airways flew constantly to Europe, Asia, U.S.A. and several African routes without blemish. The DC 10s, Boeing 737, 707 and 747 were constant on the international routes while the smaller aircrafts served the local (internal) routes. Closer home here, the waterway from Sapele to Obiaruku through River Ethiope was navigable and building materials were transported through that channel.
Security of lives and properties was to a very fantastic extent guaranteed during this period. It was possible to travel all night without dread of robbers. Night travel was preferred by a number of Nigerians. Incidents of armed robbery was rare and it was simple to track criminals. It was not fashionable to engage in criminality because there was a general societal rejection or disgust for any individual who was known to be a criminal or social deviant.
NIGERIA TODAY
Today, Nigeria has traded her dignifying values of diligence, patriotism, high ethical standards, her abundant natural resources of yesteryears for inglorious habits colloquially referred to as the âNigerian factorâ: the pursuit of injustice, upturned values, endemic corruption and yucky misrule. Today Nigeria is fatally sick from a deliberately self inflicted injury. Most of what is happening in Nigeria today amounts to national shame, our pain and disgrace. This shame is most manifest in our âNew politicsâ which is marked by violence leading to loss of lives and properties, massive rigging and assassinations. The undeserving beneficiaries are quick to make efforts at convincing and confusing the masses into supporting the outcome of their political exploits. Nearly immediately endorsement is rushed in from all over the country, especially from some Christian and Islamic clerics and other self-seeking leaders who pontificate on the fallacy that governments and leadership are chosen and ordained by God and that we should accept things the way they are in order to save our nascent democracy. But peace without justice cannot stand the test of time and is an invitation for anarchy.
Unlike what obtains in Western democracies and other stable polities where election results are declared less than 24 hours at the close of polls, in Nigeria, it could take three days. In some ridiculous situations like local government elections that are even smaller geographical entities to manage, it still takes days before results are officially released. This usual drag leaves room for manipulation and panel-beating of figures. In spite of all these, ridiculous figures are released as results. In some instances, there are more votes than the number of registered voters. Multiple voting is not uncommon. The tribunal judgment in Edo State revealed that fictitious voters voted and some others voted several times including supposed voters from across the Atlantic.
The bedrock for any stable and functional democratic state is the electoral process. This should be seen as the key issue in a country like ours. The electoral process represents a political choice by the populace. Next to market gossips and corridor discussions, voting is the one activity that demonstrates the extent of peopleâs involvement in politics. When free and secret ballot voting takes place, the direction and quantum of individualâs participation come out boldly in their right form.
In a survey carried out by this lecturer in 1998, the degree of apathy expressed by young people was startling.
Possible percentage participation in National Elections
S/NO
CATEGORY
NO OF STUDENTS RESPONDING TO EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL NO OF STUDENTS
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
1.
Indifferent or undecided
162
250
65%
2.
Yes or Interested
63
250
25%
3.
No or not interested
25
250
10%
The above was nearly a decade before the 2007 monumentally fraudulent election, yet the figure reveals high level of alienation or disenchantment with politics and the electoral process among young people. In most cases, this alienation or apathy leads to high level political-disinterest. Effective citizen participation depends upon a knowledge of how the system really operates.
Our citizens have not been systematically exposed to the methods of operations of our political system. A excellent number of our youths have been left to wander aimlessly in Nigerian political arena. This has resulted in either misinformation or the stifling of the political instincts in youths towards national affairs.
Our electoral process and the attendant protestation of results is unparalleled in the annals of elections in any part of the globe. Many Nigerians are now of the opinion that an individualâs vote does not count â that results are predetermined. This has led to serious apathy and despondency on the part of a large segment of the electorate (See Osakwe 1998, Ogini 2008). The June 12, 1993 election, adjudged to be free affair was annulled with ignomity to the chagrin of Nigerians. Since then, the situation has worsened. There is understandably now much cynicism towards election and the electoral process by several Nigerians.
Another disturbing dimension in this discourse is that politics in Nigeria is no longer seen as an avenue for service, rather it has become an avenue for quick ascendancy to wealth, and public recognition. This has led to the emergence of political upstarts with warped minds on the political expectation of the electorate. Their life style is marked by flamboyant living, luxury cars, including bullet-proof vehicles, escorts with sirens and intimidation of all perceived opponents and those who refuse to acknowledge their new found position and affluence that they find hard to manage. What we now witness is a replay of the Biblical Haman-Mordecai saga. Haman, a political upstart paid a huge sum of money to ensure that the entire Jewish race is wiped out just because Mordecai the Jew did not bow down to him.
It is a mark of political immaturity to try to use political opportunism to settle scores. It is a show of shame and reflection of the struggle against a complex. Politics should be a very exciting part of our national life, but it is now an issue of life and death, sometimes sending shivers down the spine of the populace. That is why, organizing or conducting elections in Nigeria is warfare and several lives have gone with elections in Nigeria.
Political Assassinations
Between 1999 and 2009, 39 cases of politically â motivated murders were reported in the country. The timing of these assassinations reveals that it is usually more prevalent in the years preceding the elections and the election year proper. For example, there were 17 assassination cases between 2002 and 2003; 9 cases were recorded between 2005 and 2007 (another pre-election and election period).
Political Assassinations â 1999-2009 (- A Graphic Representation)
In the more recent elections in Nigeria, firearms were freely used. In the Jos crisis of November/December 2008, over 500 lives were lost in the mayhem that trailed that election. Several of those hospitalized were victims of bullet wound. How does this compare with what obtains in other parts of the world, where election results are respected and the electoral process is carried out in an orderly manner?
A common feature of the political terrain in Nigeria is the issue of recycling of individuals and families â giving the impression that there is some eternal mandate that these individuals and families must always be there. How do we clarify a situation where some political actors who were contemporaries of the Late Sage, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, are still hovering around the corridors of power. There are some individuals who have remained in political flirtation all through the 29 years of military ârule into the democratic era in Nigeria. What a shame that nearly two years after the 2007 general elections, there are still several yet-to-be-resolved court cases.
It is a fact that ever since the contentious elections, Nigerians of varying endeavors, have been united in seeking a reform process that waters the tree of a transparently, free and honest election in order to eliminate the rancour that greeted the results of the April, 2007 polls and literally made hatred and anarchy.
For how long will Nigerians live with this level of rancor and uncertainty? When will transparent elections be conducted so that at the end the loser is even quick to concede defeat and congratulate the winner? In the United States elections of November 4, 2008, Republican presidential candidate, John McCain gracefully conceded victory to the Democratic presidential candidate, Barack Obama in less than 24 hours after polls. The winner and loser in the American elections did not have to wait for the Electoral boss to announce the result of the most celebrated election result in the world. They relied on the results as announced live by the Cable News Network (CNN).
It is instructive to state here that Nigeriaâs national television, the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) had a live coverage of the American election. Why has it not been possible to cover our national elections live. Some international observers were refused entry and their reports discountenanced by our electoral authorities, yet Nigerians went to Ghana to monitor elections! Our electoral process is not transparent and acceptable. It is yet to be made so nationally and internationally.
CORRUPTION
Corruption is used here to capture a condition or state of falsehood, impropriety, illegitimacy, illegality or injustice geared towards acquisition of power, money or position for private and sectional profit.
Corruption has become endemic in Nigeria and a culturally corrupt system would generate a corrupt society. A society and people would naturally produce its kind, except there is a drastic cultural surgery or there is a re-orientation as a result of time: Recall the Social Studies formula. The Nigerian society provides a very fertile ground for fraudulent practices, thereby leading to the institutionalization of corruption. A corrupt society according to Lewis (2008) produces corrupt leaders and followers; corrupt leaders copy or establish corrupt institutions and corrupt institutions make a multiple of corrupt systems. This may clarify why there is hardly any institution or system that is corruption-free in Nigeria. Religious establishments are not exempt in this. Corruption indeed is Nigeriaâs worst enemy preventing the citizens from enjoying the huge natural resources. Corruption is detrimental to economic growth. It increases income inequality and poverty by reducing economic growth. It also promotes and sustains unequal distribution of asset ownership and an unequal access to education (Olajide, 2008).
In spite of the establishment of anti-corruption agencies such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission (ICPC) corrupt practices have continued to manifest in several ingeniously notorious ways and forms in Nigeria. This monster called corruption has continued to be the bane of the countryâs drive towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals. Recently, at an interactive session with the House of Representatives Committee on Drugs and Narcotics and Financial crimes, the Chief Executive of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), alleged that some Nigerians have cashed in on the falling global prices and had been criss-crossing the globe day and night to buy properties with money looted from the country. Perpetrators of this crime know how to beat all the mechanisms place in place to check their nefarious activities. Our image has been seriously dented by the activities of corrupt Nigerians. Corruption among Nigerians also manifests in internet fraud and the notorious Advance Free Fraud (aka 419). A number of unsuspecting Nigerians and foreigners have been victims of both internet and Advance fee fraud. A number of young people now live huge and stout from the proceeds of corruption and fraud.
Nigeriaâs image has been seriously dented across the globe as a result of the fraudulent practices of some of our citizens. Several Nigerians are languishing in jails in a number of countries â Some who were not so lucky, were executed by the authorities of those countries where they committed the atrocities. The war against corruption seem to have had a focus during Obasanjoâs regime. Yar Arduaâs administration promised that there would be no sacred cows in his administrationâs anti-corruption fight. But , his anti-corruption war came under serious skepticism and cynicism following the redeployment of the former Chairman of the anti-graft agency and his numerous travails thereafter that culminated in his dismissal. It is a very sad commentary and sends a very incorrect message to Nigerians and the international community.
The anti-corruption crusade tempo is gradually grinding to a halt and some watchers are getting really concerned, because the sufferings of the masses, they feel have been caused by a few individuals who have diverted money meant for the welfare of the masses for their personal gain. One of the apparent reasons why corruption has continued to pervade the length and breadth of Nigeria may be that the three arms of government pay lip service to its eradication.
The hurt corruption has done to the polity and the generality of our people is immeasurable and incalculable. The malaise pervades all strata of the society, including public institutions. According to This Day Opinion of November 5, 2008, nothing works well in Nigeria because of corruption. Several roads are in a deplorable state, even when attempts  are made at rehabilitating the roads, corruption will not allow for a thorough and enduring job.
Education and Corruption
Sexual harassment has become so pervasive in Nigerian tertiary education. It is a highly disturbing state of affairs. The issue of sexual harassment in higher institutions has attracted the attention of a number of academics â (Osakwe 2008, Igborgbor 2008, Okecha, 2008). Sexual harassment is a manifestation of power relations and most times girls and women are at the receiving end. Sexual harassment is not restricted to any age level â some academic elders have been known to engage in this abominable game. Some academics have lost their jobs arising from this misdemeanor. Some have continued to exploit and defile girls and make public boast of their sexual escapades. Some girls and married women have been traumatized, all in a bid to buy a university degree or diploma from other tertiary institutions. Closely related to the issue of sexual harassment is corruption in our educational system from primary to university level. Pupils and students are compelled to pay for one levy or the other. Signing of referees report, clearance, course form, data card â all attract illegal charges. Sometime ago in the history of Nigeria,
Teachers at all levels of education earned a fantastic deal of respect from members of the public. Seen as honest, disciplined and morally above board, it was then most fashionable to look for a teacher whenever a public position that called for a person of high integrity became vacant. They had the aura of saints and always proved their admirers right whenever they had the opportunity to bring their experience and knowledge to bear on public affairs. But , this hallowed integrity of the academic class appears to have taken its leave as the country continues to stink with corruption (Aghedo 2008).
Within the last couple of years, three professors paid the price for sexual exploitation of girls and had to be disgraced out of office. There are still many more waiting to be disgraced. Academic corruption has assumed different dimensions ranging from plagiarism, victimization, gagging of academic freedom, erosion of mentoring to production of foot soldiers/âacademic hostage takingâ â by which junior academics under a senior colleague have no choice but to do their masterâs bidding. Academic freedom that once characterized the university system is quick eroding and giving way to perilous campus politicians, cliques and other interest groups â whose interests are some other things except academics.
Examination malpractice has also become a major problem besetting education in Nigeria. The phenomenon has become monstrous and will take only very bold and ruthless measures to wipe out. The unfortunate situation is that some people who are expected to address this issue are products of examination malpractice themselves.
Examination malpractice is not gender restricted, both boys and girls are firmly in the business.
Transport and Corruption
The airports lack necessary facilities; the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) cannot locate sites of air wreckages. The most recent defied location until several months after by hunters. The railway lines remain dysfunctional â some rail lines are now used by traders to show their wares.
General Attitude to Corruption
People no longer express bitterness and shock each time they hear of billions of Naira being stolen from public coffers, since it has now become a daily occurrence. For example, it was reported that in one month, a Governor in a state spent N1bn (One billion Naira) in his state for security matters â a state where there was no war, nor the breakdown of law and order.
The status of corruption in Nigeria today is a product of the inconsistency and irregularity of the war against corruption â Having been fought to a standstill by General Murtala Mohammed between 1975 and 1976, a follow up such as Buhari/Idiagbon and later by Nuhu Ribadu would have brought the monster to its knees. But the intervening period between Mohammed and Buhari brought in General Babangida who ruled between 1985 and 1993. Unlike the Buhari regime that came hard on looters of public fund several of whom were handed various prison terms, Babangida returned the assets of the various officers and restored the ranks of the dismissed officers. Call it reward of corruption! This history may repeat itself once again, if the travails of Nuhu Ribadu is allowed to continue. Call it punishment for fighting corruption! The war against corruption at the moment is asleep.
Corruption and the Power Sector
Two thousand (2,000) megawatts of electricity was being generated in 2008 as against the 3,000 generated in 2003. These are ridiculous figures. South Africa with a population of 60 million, generates 45,000 megawatts and the government of South Africa is aspiring to increase her capacity to 60,000. How can Nigeria still claim to be the giant of Africa? Our industries and small scale businesses provide their own electricity â how can they break even in the face of exorbitant production cost essentially because of the lack of steady public power supply. How can industrial dreams of Nigeria be actualized in the light of the current energy challenges. In spite of the Presidentâs plot to declare a state of emergency in the power sector, things have not improved. Small scale businesses, artisans and several self-employed Nigerians have been forced to close their businesses due to non-availability of power.
It was reported (Tell December 8 that in one month (November, 2008) the worsening power situation forced the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) to announce the loss of 800 MW generation capacity â within the same period the Sapele Power Station was completely shut down, and the Egbin power station in Lagos was operating âat reduced capacityâ. Exactly 10 days after, PHCN reported additional loss of 200 MW. All these have been responsible for the 12 hourly zonal power rotational rationing to maintain system stability and ensure even distribution of the limited generation output from the functioning plants. Under the rotation plot , PHCN divided the country into zones. Each zone gets electricity for 12 hours; even this is no guarantee that the light would come. There are areas/sections of the country where power outage is more regular than public power supply. Even the âpromisedâ additional 6,500 MW by 2009 is a far weep from our expected electricity demands in Nigeria.
We are further informed (Tell December 2008) that each University spends more than N120 million annually on diesel. What a colossal waste of money that would have been ploughed into other critical areas of University administration. Not many Universities in Nigeria can even afford to spend that staggering sum of money for electricity. This of course, does not include the regular electricity bills from PHCN.
CORRUPTION AND IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
The iron and steel industry has gulped billions of dollars, since the 1980s â yet there is nothing to show for it. The Federal Government set up the Ajaokuta and Delta Steel plants, alongside three Inland Rolling Mills at Oshogbo, Jos and Katsina. The steel plants and the Rolling Mills have not been able to meet the steel aspirations of Nigerians, mainly because of corruption and beaurcactic bottle-necks. What we now have is more like steel museums instead of steel plants. How do we clarify the astronomical cost of imported iron and steel products when we are supposed to be producers of the product? In some of the plants, the components and spare parts are no longer being produced in any part of the world. The computer components are really obsolete thereby leaving the engineers to cannibalize existing components to the point that there is nothing to fall back on.
The Minister of State overseeing the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, pleaded recently with Nigerians to be patient with the pace of development, stating that, âtheirs is not a go slow governmentâ. Unfortunately, Nigerians can not but believe that the present and past administration have no clear-cut policy on how to reengineer the iron and steel industry and position it for Nigeriaâs industrial take off. For how long will Nigerians wait for the take-off of an effective iron and steel industry? Several Nigerians were sent to Europe, Russia and Japan to be trained for the iron and steel industry. All these high calibre manpower have been laid off in the face of the privatization Policy of the last administration. Some of the steel plants were concessioned to the political partners/business associates of the government of the day.
The iron and steel industry is the bedrock of any meaningful technological and industrial development of any nation. Nigeria cannot afford to remain an eternal importer of steel products. This sector ought to contribute significantly to the economic development of Nigeria. There seem not to be a clear road map that would lead Nigeria to becoming a major participant in steel development on the African continent. How can the dream of making Nigeria one of the best 20 economies of the world by 2020 come right ? How can this be achieved when the primary steel mills have been privatized into incorrect hands? The control of the primary source of steel (liquid and flat) is the control of the industrial development of the nation. The iron and steel industry then is a critical area of economic development that should not be left in the hands of investors whether foreign or indigenous.
The dedicated rail line linking Delta Steel Company, Aladja, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and the Nigerian Iron Ore Mining Company Itakpe are yet to be completed â until this is done the full value of the companies can never be realized. The rail line project, like several other government projects is more like an abandoned project that is already suffering quick depreciation. The River Niger is yet to be dredged and the Escravos estuary is yet to be cleared. Liquid steel can never be produced at Ajaokuta without all these things being place in place.
EXTRA JUDICIAL MURDERS
An issue that has bothered many Nigerians and sent shivers down the spines of the citizenry has to do with extra judicial murders. A number of families have been traumatized arising from the loss of their loved ones in incidents bordering on extra judicial murder. The unfortunate aspect of this development is that evidences are either really obliterated or the victims are presented as criminals â the dead cannot speak for himself or herself. A few examples will buttress the point here â Nearly two decades ago, a Nigerian star athlete Dele Udo was shot dead at a Police check point. This has also been the lot of a number of innocent Nigerians at various police check points across the country at one point or the other. In 2002, some traders traveling along the Okene â Lokoja highway were intercepted by some policemen who learned they had a lot of money on them. The policemen tied up the traders and bundled them into the bus and set it on fire, while making away with their millions of Naira. One of the traders miraculously survived and escaped and reported the incident. The policemen were late apprehended, tried and sentenced appropriately. A renowned journalist, Bayo Awosika died in circumstances bordering on extra judicial killing. It was alleged that he died after his vehicle hit a police van and thereafter somersaulted several times before landing at another part of the road. In spite of the claim of sommersault, there was no dent on the vehicle; the handbreak of Bayoâs car was still on; and there was a piece of fire wood under the car. The post mortem examination revealed that the young man died from a missile injury â that is, he was hit by a quick moving metal (bullet). Could this have been another case of extra judicial murder. The case of citizen John Abah in Benue State is still very fresh. On November 14, 2008, bullets fired by a police patrol team felled him, the young man had gone out that night to relax with his friends when his life was cut small . The incident that led to his untimely death is traceable to a rift between the deceased and a police officer at a public beer parlour. In 2006, policemen killed a young man in the same town â Oturkpo, over a protest by residents to a PHCN facility due to power outage.
On December 2, 2008, the authorities of Lagos State University, were compelled to issue a press release on the shooting of its students. This was sequel to the shooting on the 25th of November, 2008 of 4 students of the University who had gone for Local Government identification. Arising from the swift reaction of the authorities of Lagos State University, the State Governor swung into action. The erring policemen were arrested and subsequently dismissed. One of the students shot eventually succumbed to his injuries despite the combined efforts of Lagos State Government and Lagos State University to save his life. The question is for how long will Nigerians place up with this barbaric and senseless killing of her citizens by people who are expected to protect them? The killing of a student in Athens, Greece early December 2008 sparked off protests from students and teachers for several days running. The killing of a Brazilian in the United Kingdom during a terror raid led to the prosecution of the police officer concerned. In December 2008 a lady was killed in Ogun State â she was taken for an armed robber. The police made spirited effort at explaining away the fact that the woman was an armed robber. A young man was shot dead by policeman in front a bank in Benin City for engaging in a brawl in front of the bank â this incident took place in January 2009. In the same month of January a young man was shot dead in Lagos by policemen under unexplained circumstances. Some commercial drivers have been victims of either police shootings or other forms of brutality for their refusal to part with their money illegally âusual tollâ.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
Following from the United Nations Millennium Declaration which was adopted at the Millennium summit held in New York, September 6th â 8th, 2000, Nigeria committed herself to realizing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. These goals were targets for making measurable improvements in the lives of the worldâs poorest citizens.
Goal I:Â Â Â Â Â Â Eradicate Extreme poverty and Hunger
Poverty still stares millions of Nigerians in the face. The degree of hunger manifests clearly at burial, wedding and other social events where free food and drinks are served lavishly by a select few. In such gatherings, several uninvited guests scramble for food. Worse still, are the milling teenagers who nervously wait for those properly served, to leave the remnants for them to either eat or carry away. Many of our young people have now become scavengers in the midst of supposed plenty.
According to Bolatito (2008), poverty exists where people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs. These may be defined in a restricted sense as those needs necessary for survival, or broadly those needs reflecting the prevailing standard of living in the community. Poverty describes a situation where peoples resources (material, social and cultural) as so limited as to exclude such people from the minimum acceptable way of life. Poverty is multifaceted (Bolatito 2008); it includes poor access to public services and infrastructure, unsanitary environment, illiteracy and ignorance, poor health, insecurity, voicelessness and social exclusion, including low levels of household income and food insecurity.
Between the period 1980 to 1996, the proportion of poor people rose from 28.1% in 1980 to 65.6% in 1996. This, in terms of numbers translates to 17.7 million poor people in 1980 and 67.1 million people in 1996. It is estimated that by 2015, between 30.1 million and 40.4 million people would still be living in poverty in Nigeria.
According to African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD 2005), Nigeria with an annual per capita income of barely $300, is one of the 20 poorest countries in the world. It is estimated that Nigeria grows at about 3% and the national savings rate is about 15%. In the midst of other daunting challenges of infrastructural decay and corruption, how can Nigeria attain the Millennium goal number one?
Since independence, Nigeria has steadily fallen into the group of countries with a low level of human development, as characterized by an (HDI) coefficient of less than 0.5 (on a scale of 0-1). With a score of 0.470, Nigeria occupies a lowly 158th position, where countries like Eritrea and Senegal fare better. This is a very huge shame indeed. How can it be said that Benin Republic and Rwanda are higher up the ladder than Nigeria in GDP per capita.
Table 1: Nigeriaâs human development index 2005
HND value
Life expectancy at birth      (years)
Adult literacy rate
(%ages 154 and older)
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary yucky enrolment ratio    (%)
GDP per capital (PPP USS)
1. Iceland (0.968)
1. Japan (82.3)
1. Georgia (100.0)
1. Australia (113.0)
1. Luxembourg (60.228)
156. Senegal (0.499)
163.Botswana (48.1)
102.Algeria (69.9)
136.Nepal (58.2)
158.Rwanda (1,206)
157.Eritrea (0.483)
1653.Cote dâIvoire (47.4)
103.Tanzania (United
Republic of) (69.4)
137.Equatorial Guinea (58.1)
159.Benin (1.141)
158.Nigeria (0.470)
165.Nigeria (46.5)
104.Nigeria (69.1)
138.Nigeria (56.2)
160. Nigeria (1,128)
159.Tanzania (United Republic of)(0.467)
166.Malawi (46.3)
105. Guatemala (69.1)
139. Bangladesh (56.0)
161. Eritrea (1.109)
160. Guinea (0.456)
167.Guinea-Bissau (45.8)
106.Lao Peopleâs Democratic Republic (68.7)
140.Yemen (55.2)
162. Ethiopia (1,055)
177.Sierra Leone (0.336)
177.Zambia (40.5)
139.Burkina Faso (23.6)
172.Niger (22.7)
174.Malawi (667)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 Country fact Sheets – Nigeria
Table 2: Selected indicators of human poverty for Nigeria
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) 2004
Probability of not surviving past age 40 (5) 2004
Adult illiteracy rate (%ages 15 and older)2004
People without access to an improved water source (%) 2004
Children underweight for age (% ages 0-5) 2004
1.Chad (56.9)
1.Zimbabwe (57.4)
1.Burkina Faso (76.4)
1.Ethiopia (78)
1.Nepal (48)
27.Yemen (38.0)
12.Congo (Democratic Republic of the (41.1)
34.Lao Peopleâs Democratic Republic (31.3)
8.Congo (Democratic Republic of the (54)
22. Angola (31)
28. Burundi (37.6)
13.Guinea-Bissau (40.5)
35. Guatemala (30.9)
9. Fiji (53)
23.Maldives (30)
29. Nigeria (37.3)
14.Nigeria (39.0)
36.Nigeria (30.9)
10. Nigeria (52)
24.Nigeria (29)
30.Malawi (36.7)
15.Cote dâIvoire (38.6)
37.Tanzania (United Republic of)(30.6)
11.Madagascar (50)
25.Sri Lanka (29)
31.Rwanda (36.5)
16.Uganda (38.5)
38.Algeria (30.1)
12. Mali (50)
26. Philippines (28)
108. Barbados (3.0)
173.Iceland (1.4)
164.Estonia (0.2)
125.Hungary (1)
134.Chile (1)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 â Country Facts Sheets – Nigeria
Tables 1 and 2, summarize the sordid state of affairs as it relates to Nigeria poverty rating at the global level. How realizable is MGD1 in the face of this staggering poverty level in Nigeria?
GOAL 2:Â Â Â Â Achieve Universal Primary Education
The National Policy on Education (2004, revised) states that âthe Government recognizes education as an instrument par excellence for effecting national development. The Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) is saddled with the responsibility for ensuring that Nigeria attains the goal of Universal Primary Education by the year 2015. How can this lofty goal be attained in the face of the non-cooperation of several states in the federation, in not meeting up with the demands for accessing their state fund for the Universal Basic Education programme? Less than 50% of the states in the country have been able to comply by paying their counterpart funding. Unless and until this is done, such defaulting states, and by extension, the country will be unable to meet the 2015 target date for attaining universal primary education. What could be responsible for the lacklustre attitude of several state governments towards fulfilling their part of the obligation in this regard? Can it be that education is undervalued by the current democratic actors or that the conditions for accessing the fund does not permit for the usual huge financial seepages into the incorrect hands?
Nigeria also endorsed the Jometien conference on Education for All (EFA) by the year 2000, that set out targets for early childhood care and development, primary education, junior secondary and adult literacy. The trend in yucky enrolment ratio (GER) indicates considerable fluctuation in enrolment between 1991 and 2000. Enrolment increased appreciably between 1990 and 1994, rising from 68% to 86%. Thereafter, enrolment declined to 81% in 1995 and 70% in 1996. Therefore, Nigeria did not achieve the Jometien EFA goal of 2000.
The Universal Basic Education (UBE) guideline stipulates that each primary and junior secondary school should have one general science laboratory to cater for elementary science and domestic science; one well ventilated toilet for a maximum of 40 pupils or students per toilet; one teacher to teach or handle 40 pupils or students. These conditions by what is obtainable in our schools is utopian, and may not be attainable even by the year 2015. Very few schools have the semblance of a laboratory. The nearby bushes provide toilet facilities in some of our schools.
GOAL 3:Â Â Â Â Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
The target of this goal is to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and to all levels of education not later than 2015. The indicators here are:
-Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Ratio of girls to boys, in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
-Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24 years ancient .
-Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Share of women in wage employment in the non-agriculture sector
-Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament.
Gender disparity still manifests strongly in access to primary, secondary and tertiary education leading to unequal access to employment (Millennium Development Report 2004)
An estimated 50% of Nigeriaâs population is made up of women and girls; but , gender disparity in access to primary, secondary and tertiary education dates back to the pre-colonial era and has its roots in Africa traditional culture. Will the target of gender equality and empowerment of women be reached by 2015. The answer is obviously in the negative. Society must be ready to deal with gender-stereotyping and the acceptance that the female gender can aspire to the highest height if society will allow. The age-long notion of women as just being there to make children or to meet the pleasure demands of the men folk must be jettisoned. Women excel in whatever chosen career they go into; they are very excellent and better managers of the home and society. There should be no gender discrimination on job, whether public or private.
GOAL 4 â Reduce child Mortality
The National Millennium Goals Report (2004) noted that not much progress has been made in reducing child mortality. Estimates from the 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey place under-five mortality rate as 217 per 1,000 with large regional variations. Urban and rural areas had under five mortality rates of 243 per 1,000 and 153 per 1,000 respectively. The projection of the goal under consideration, is that, there must be a reduction by two thirds (2/3) of under-five mortality by the year 2015. In other words, Nigeria should be able to reduce under-five morality to 49 per 1,000 by 2015. It is most unlikely that Nigeria will meet the 2015 target of reducing under-five mortality by two thirds (2/3).
The major obstacles towards achieving goal 4 of the MDGs are poor access to health care facilities (poverty), HIV/AIDS and poor maternal health. Excellent health services costs money and this is not within the reach of the poor that unfortunately make up the majority of Nigeriaâs population. Corruption and greed has not yet permitted for free-health services to the poor. Unfortunately, those in government who ought to ensure high class medical facilities in our public health institutions have failed in their responsibilities. It is these same persons who can afford to travel overseas for the slightest ailments.
Availability of Health Care facilities, 1996 â 2000
(Perâ000 People)
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
No. of Doctors
0.212
0.207
0.201
0223
0.22
No. of Hospital Beds
0.677
0.643
0.613
0.575
0.639
The table depicts the very appalling state of health care facilities in Nigeria. What efforts are on ground to ensure that the picture changes drastically in the positive direction before the year 2015?
GOAL 5:Â Â Â Â Improve Maternal Health
The target of this goal is to reduce maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Although there has been slight decrease in maternal mortality since 1990, the level still remains high at approximately, 1,000 per 100,000 live births from the late 1990s to 2001. The national maternal mortality rate was 704 per 100,000 live births with considerable regional variation (MDG Report 2004)
Maternal deaths in Nigeria, like in most developing countries are usually traceable to womenâs powerlessness and their unequal access to employment, finance, education, basic health care, and other resources.
The challenges to the achievement of goal 5 of the MDGs include teenage pregnancy, harmful cultural practices, lack of health personnel and other infrastructure, especially in the rural areas. Nigeria accounts for 10% of global maternal deaths (UCAID 2008).
52,000 Nigerian women die yearly from maternal related complications. Lanre-Abass (2008) stated that majority of births in Nigeria (66%) occur at home. A smaller percentage of women receive postnatal care, which is crucial for monitoring and treating complications in the first two days after delivery. Nigerian health system has been bedeviled with problems of service quality, including unfriendly attitude of some health personnel (doctors and nurses), inadequate skills, decaying infrastructure, shortage of essential drugs and fake drugs.
GOAL 6:Â Â Â Â HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
It is estimated that over 4.5 million Nigerian adults and children are living with HIV/AIDS in 2008. The cumulative deaths from AIDS as at 2008 was about 4.2 million people. These are startling figures that should disturb any group of people (Osakwe 2008). The age groups most affected by the virus includes 20 â 29 year olds, while the regions with highest prevalence rates include the North Central, North East, and South-South zones. It is shocking to know that University treated 10,800 persons with HIV between January and October, 2008.
Several factors contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria; this includes sexual networking practices such as polygamy, a high prevalence of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs.), low condom use; poverty; low literacy; poor health status, stigmatization and irresponsible sexual habits. The prevalence of malaria in Nigeria has remained high, and this is due to the abundance of blocked drainages and general uncleanliness that aids the malaria vectors. It is estimated that about a million deaths are recorded annually in Nigeria arising from malaria. The fact that we have inadequate number of well-trained medical personnel to implement programmes like the national AIDS programme remains a major challenge towards the realization of Goal 6 of the MDGs.
GOAL 7:Â Â Â Â Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Nigeria is still grappling with the challenge of environmental sustainability. There are still major problems related to land degradation, pollution, flood, erosion, desertification, inefficient use of energy resources, loss of biodiversity, environmental disasters and deforestation. There is still poor access to improved sanitation facilities in Nigeria, which may be blamed on poor implementation of health and housing and other related policies, high levels of poverty, low level of awareness about issues concerning environmental sustainability and general rural improvement. Why has the perennial gully erosion in the South East, parts of Delta and Edo defied attention â instead, farmlands and buildings are annually washed away; roads cut-off and communities separated; children and adults are washed away by floods. How explainable is it that in the 21st century, even in some university campuses, students defecate anywhere and worse in some female hostels! âSmall -place â has bought a new meaning for this anti social behaviour. Students defecate into black polythene bags and throw same behind their halls or leave them at the toilet ends. Sometimes these human wastes are washed away into gutters and drains thereby making health hazards. Excavations for construction and building sand may not be as obvious an environmental hazard as small place ; but excavation without recourse to the environmental consequences leaves much pain and anguish for the people. Some Nigerians daily contribute to environmental degradation and threat to lives and properties by their careless and environmentally â unfriendly activities.
GOAL 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Nigeria has continued to play a prominent role in regional cooperati
Professor Emman Osakwe
B.Sc. (Nig), M.Ed. (Philadelphia), M.A. (London) Ph.D (Ibadan)
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Why Would The Consulate Deny My Visa?
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
Why Would the Consulate Deny My Visa?
There are many reasons under the immigration law that a person may be deemed “inadmissible” to the United States and therefore, a consulate would deny a visa. These reasons include health related grounds – including mental disorders and drug additions, crimal related grounds, security related grounds, foreign policy reasons, public charge reasons – ability for financial support, prior immigration violations, and fraud or misrepresentation.
Below is the language of the law, Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), detailing the grounds of “inadmissibility” – reasons a consulate would deny a visa.
———————————————–
INA Sec. 212(a)
See §309 IIRAIRA for effective date & transition provisions.
Classes of aliens ineligible for visas or admission.–Except as otherwise provided in this Act, aliens who are inadmissible under the following paragraphs are ineligible to receive visas and ineligible to be admitted to the United States:
212(a)(1) Health-related grounds.–
212(a)(1)(A) In general.–Any alien–
212(a)(1)(A)(i) who is determined (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) to have a communicable disease of public health significance, which shall include infection with the etiologic agent for bought immune deficiency syndrome,
212(a)(1)(A)(ii)
Effective “with respect to applications for immigrant visas or for adjustment of status filed after September 30, 1996.” IIRAIRA §341(c).
except as provided in subparagraph (C), who seeks admission as an immigrant, or who seeks adjustment of status to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, and who has failed to present documentation of having received vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases, which shall include at least the following diseases: mumps, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, pertussis, influenza type B and hepatitis B, and any other vaccinations against vaccine-preventable diseases recommended by the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices,
212(a)(1)(A)(iii) who is determined (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in consultation with the Attorney General)–
212(a)(1)(A)(iii)(I) to have a physical or mental disorder and behavior associated with the disorder that may pose, or has posed, a threat to the property, safety, or welfare of the alien or others, or
212(a)(1)(A)(iii)(II) to have had a physical or mental disorder and a history of behavior associated with the disorder, which behavior has posed a threat to the property, safety, or welfare of the alien or others and which behavior is likely to recur or to lead to other harmful behavior, or
212(a)(1)(A)(iv) who is determined (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) to be a drug abuser or addict, is inadmissible.
212(a)(1)(B) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of certain clauses of subparagraph (A), see subsection (g).
212(a)(1)(C) Exception from immunization requirement for adopted children 10 years of age of younger.–Clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall not apply to a child who —
212(a)(1)(C)(i) is 10 years of age or younger,
212(a)(1)(C)(ii) is described in section 101(b)(1)(F), and
212(a)(1)(C)(iii) is seeking an immigrant visa as an immediate relative under section 201(b),
if, prior to the admission of the child, an adoptive parent or prospective adoptive parent of the child, who has sponsored the child for admission as an immediate relative, has executed an affidavit stating that the parent is aware of the provisions of subparagraph (A)(ii) and will ensure that, within 30 days of the child’s admission, or at the earliest time that is medically appropriate, the child will receive the vaccinations identified in such subparagraph..
212(a)(2) Criminal and related grounds.–
212(a)(2)(A) Conviction of certain crimes.–
212(a)(2)(A)(i) In general.–Except as provided in clause (ii), any alien convicted of, or who admits having committed, or who admits committing acts which constitute the essential elements of–
212(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) a crime involving moral turpitude (other than a purely political offense) or an attempt or conspiracy to commit such a crime, or
212(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) a violation of (or a conspiracy or attempt to violate) any law or regulation of a State, the United States, or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(A)(ii) Exception.–Clause (i)(I) shall not apply to an alien who committed only one crime if–
212(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) the crime was committed when the alien was under 18 years of age, and the crime was committed (and the alien released from any confinement to a prison or correctional institution imposed for the crime) more than 5 years before the date of application for a visa or other documentation and the date of application for admission to the United States, or
212(a)(2)(A)(ii)(II) the maximum penalty possible for the crime of which the alien was convicted (or which the alien admits having committed or of which the acts that the alien admits having committed constituted the essential elements) did not exceed imprisonment for one year and, if the alien was convicted of such crime, the alien was not sentenced to a term of imprisonment in excess of 6 months (regardless of the extent to which the sentence was ultimately executed).
212(a)(2)(B) Multiple criminal convictions.–Any alien convicted of 2 or more offenses (other than purely political offenses), regardless of whether the conviction was in a single trial or whether the offenses arose from a single scheme of misconduct and regardless of whether the offenses involved moral turpitude, for which the aggregate sentences to confinement
The term “really imposed” was deleted after this word by IIRAIRA §322(a)(2)(B). Change applies to “convictions and sentences entered before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act. Subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 240(c)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by section 304(a)(3) of [IIRAIRA], shall apply to proving such convictions.”were 5 years or more is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(C) Controlled substance traffickers.–Any alien who the consular officer or the Attorney General knows or has reason to believe–
212(a)(2)(C)(i) is or has been an illicit trafficker in any controlled substance or in any listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), or is or has been a knowing aider, abettor, assister, conspirator, or colluder with others in the illicit trafficking in any such controlled or listed substance or chemical, or endeavored to do so; or
212(a)(2)(C)(ii) is the spouse, son, or daughter of an alien inadmissible under clause (i), has, within the previous 5 years, obtained any financial or other benefit from the illicit activity of that alien, and knew or reasonably should have known that the financial or other benefit was the product of such illicit activity, is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(D) Prostitution and commercialized vice.–Any alien who–
212(a)(2)(D)(i) is coming to the United States solely, principally, or incidentally to engage in prostitution, or has engaged in prostitution within 10 years of the date of application for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status,
212(a)(2)(D)(ii) directly or indirectly procures or attempts to procure, or (within 10 years of the date of application for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status) procured or attempted to procure or to import, prostitutes or persons for the purpose of prostitution, or receives or (within such 10-year period) received, in whole or in part, the proceeds of prostitution, or
212(a)(2)(D)(iii) is coming to the United States to engage in any other unlawful commercialized vice, whether or not related to prostitution, is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(E) Certain aliens involved in serious criminal activity who have asserted immunity from prosecution.–Any alien–
212(a)(2)(E)(i) who has committed in the United States at any time a serious criminal offense (as defined in section 101(h)),
212(a)(2)(E)(ii) for whom immunity from criminal jurisdiction was exercised with respect to that offense,
212(a)(2)(E)(iii) who as a consequence of the offense and exercise of immunity has departed from the United States, and
212(a)(2)(E)(iv) who has not subsequently submitted fully to the jurisdiction of the court in the United States having jurisdiction with respect to that offense, is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(F) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of certain subparagraphs of this paragraph, see subsection (h).
212(a)(2)(G) Foreign government officials who have committed particularly severe violations of religious freedom.–Any alien who, while serving as a foreign government official, was responsible for or directly carried out, at any time, particularly severe violations of religious freedom, as defined in section 3 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6402), is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(H) Significant traffickers in persons.–
212(a)(2)(H)(i) In general.–Any alien who is listed in a report submitted pursuant to section 111(b) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, or who the consular officer or the Attorney General knows or has reason to believe is or has been a knowing aider, abettor, assister, conspirator, or colluder with such a trafficker in severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined in the section 103 of such Act, is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(H)(ii) Beneficiaries of trafficking.–Except as provided in clause (iii), any alien who the consular officer or the Attorney General knows or has reason to believe is the spouse, son, or daughter of an alien inadmissible under clause (i), has, within the previous 5 years, obtained any financial or other benefit from the illicit activity of that alien, and knew or reasonably should have known that the financial or other benefit was the product of such illicit activity, is inadmissible.
212(a)(2)(H)(iii) Exception for certain sons and daughters.–Clause (ii) shall not apply to a son or daughter who was a child at the time he or she received the benefit described in such clause.
212(a)(2)(I) Money laundering.–Any alien–
212(a)(2)(I)(i) who a consular officer or the Attorney General knows, or has reason to believe, has engaged, is engaging, or seeks to enter the United States to engage, in an offense which is described in section 1956 or 1957 of title 18, United States Code (relating to laundering of monetary instruments); or
212(a)(2)(I)(ii) who a consular officer or the Attorney General knows is, or has been, a knowing aider, abettor, assister, conspirator, or colluder with others in an offense which is described in such section; is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)
See also §411(c) of USA PATRIOT Act, P.L. 107-56, Retroactive Application of Amendments.
Security and related grounds.–
212(a)(3)(A) In general.–Any alien who a consular officer or the Attorney General knows, or has reasonable ground to believe, seeks to enter the United States to engage solely, principally, or incidentally in–
212(a)(3)(A)(i) any activity
212(a)(3)(A)(i)(I) to violate any law of the United States relating to espionage or sabotage or
212(a)(3)(A)(i)(II) to violate or evade any law prohibiting the export from the United States of goods, technology, or sensitive information,
212(a)(3)(A)(ii) any other unlawful activity, or
212(a)(3)(A)(iii) any activity a purpose of which is the opposition to, or the control or overthrow of, the Government of the United States by force, violence, or other unlawful means, is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(B)
See §411(c) of USA PATRIOT Act, P.L. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272, (10/26/01) for “Special Rule for Aliens in Exclusion or Deportation Proceedings.”
The amendments made by §103 of REAL ID Act, P.L. 109-13 (5/11/05) take effect on date of enactment. They and §212(a)(3)(B) shall apply to: (1) removal procedings instituted before, on, or after the date of enactment of this division; and (2) acts and conditions constituting a ground for inadmissibility, excludability, deportation, or removal occurring or existing before, on, or after such date.
Terrorist activities.–
212(a)(3)(B)(i) In general.–Any alien who–
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(I) has engaged in a terrorist activity,
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(II) a consular officer, the Attorney General, or the Secretary of Homeland Security knows, or has reasonable ground to believe, is engaged in or is likely to engage after entry in any terrorist activity (as defined in clause (iv)),
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(III)
See §342 of IIRAIRA, effective “on the date of the enactment of [IIRAIRA] and shall apply to incitement regardless of when it occurs.”
has, under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily harm, incited terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(IV) is a representative (as defined in clause (v)) of–
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(IV)(aa) a terrorist organization (as defined in clause (vi)); or
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(IV)(bb) a political, social, or other group that endorses or espouses terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(V) is a member of a terrorist organization described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (vi);
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(VI) is a member of a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(III), unless the alien can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the alien did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization;
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(VII) endorses or espouses terrorist activity or persuades others to endorse or espouse terrorist activity or support a terrorist organization;
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(VIII) has received military-type training (as defined in section 2339D(c)(1) of title 18, United States Code) from or on behalf of any organization that, at the time the training was received, was a terrorist organization (as defined in clause (vi)); or
212(a)(3)(B)(i)(IX) is the spouse or child of an alien who is inadmissible under this subparagraph, if the activity causing the alien to be found inadmissible occurred within the last 5 years, is inadmissible. An alien who is an officer, official, representative, or spokesman of the Palestine Liberation Organization is considered, for purposes of this Act, to be engaged in a terrorist activity.
A literal reading of §103(a) of P.L. 109-13 (REAL ID Act) (5/11/05), which revised INA §212(a)(3)(B)(i), would place the words “is inadmissible” at the end of subclause (IX). But , placement at the beginning of the “outdented” paragraph resuming clause (B)(i) (as here), reflects the likely intention of Congress (and the position of the same words before the amendment).
212(a)(3)(B)(ii) Exception–Subclause (IX) of clause (i) does not apply to a spouse or child–
212(a)(3)(B)(ii)(I) who did not know or should not reasonably have known of the activity causing the alien to be found inadmissible under this section; or
212(a)(3)(B)(ii)(II) whom the consular officer or Attorney General has reasonable grounds to believe has renounced the activity causing the alien to be found inadmissible under this section.
212(a)(3)(B)(iii) “Terrorist activity” defined.–As used in this Act, the term “terrorist activity” means any activity which is unlawful under the laws of the place where it is committed (or which, if it had been committed in the United States, would be unlawful under the laws of the United States or any State) and which involves any of the following:
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(I) The highjacking or sabotage of any conveyance (including an aircraft, vessel, or vehicle).
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(II) The seizing or detaining, and threatening to kill, injure, or continue to detain, another individual in order to compel a third person (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained.
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(III) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person (as defined in section 1116(b)(4) of title 18, United States Code) or upon the liberty of such a person.
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(IV) An assassination.
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(V) The use of any–
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(V)(a) biological agent, chemical agent, or nuclear weapon or device, or
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(V)(b) explosive, firearm, or other weapon or perilous device (other than for mere personal monetary gain), with intent to endanger, directly or indirectly, the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial hurt to property.
212(a)(3)(B)(iii)(VI) A threat, attempt, or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing.
212(a)(3)(B)(iv) Engage in terrorist activity defined.–As used in this Act, the term “engage in terrorist activity” means, in an individual capacity or as a member of an organization–
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(I) to commit or to incite to commit, under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury, a terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(II) to prepare or plot a terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(III) to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(IV) to solicit funds or other things of value for–
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(IV)(aa) a terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(IV)(bb) a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(I) or (vi)(II); or
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(IV)(cc) a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(III), unless the solicitor can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V) to solicit any individual–
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(aa) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this subsection;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(bb) for membership in a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(I) or (vi)(II); or
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(V)(cc) for membership in a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(III) unless the solicitor can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization; or
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI) to commit an act that the actor knows, or reasonably should know, affords material support, including a safe house, transportation, communications, funds, transfer of funds or other material financial benefit, fake documentation or identification, weapons (including chemical, biological, or radiological weapons), explosives, or training–
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(aa) for the commission of a terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(bb) to any individual who the actor knows, or reasonably should know, has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity;
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(cc) to a terrorist organization described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (vi) or to any member of such an organization; or
212(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI)(dd) to a terrorist organization described in clause (vi)(III), or to any member of such an organization, unless the actor can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the actor did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist organization.
212(a)(3)(B)(v) Representative defined.–As used in this paragraph, the term “representative” includes an officer, official, or spokesman of an organization, and any person who directs, counsels, commands, or induces an organization or its members to engage in terrorist activity.
212(a)(3)(B)(vi)
See §411(c) of USA PATRIOT Act, P.L. 107-56 (10/26/01) for “Special Rule for Section 219 Organizations and Organizations Designated Under Section 212(a)(3)(B)(vi)(II).”
Terrorist organization defined.–As used in this section, the term ‘terrorist organization’ means an organization–
212(a)(3)(B)(vi)(I) designated under section 219;
212(a)(3)(B)(vi)(II) otherwise designated, upon publication in the Federal Register, by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, as a terrorist organization, after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in subclauses (I) through (VI) of clause (iv); or
212(a)(3)(B)(vi)(III) that is a group of two or more individuals, whether organized or not, which engages in, or has a subgroup which engages in, the activities described in subclauses (I) through (VI) of clause (iv).
212(a)(3)(C) Foreign policy.–
212(a)(3)(C)(i) In general.–An alien whose entry or proposed activities in the United States the Secretary of State has reasonable ground to believe would have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences for the United States is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(C)(ii) Exception for officials.–An alien who is an official of a foreign government or a purported government, or who is a candidate for election to a foreign government office during the period immediately preceding the election for that office, shall not be excludable or subject to restrictions or conditions on entry into the United States under clause (i) solely because of the alien’s past, current, or expected beliefs, statements, or associations, if such beliefs, statements, or associations would be lawful within the United States.
212(a)(3)(C)(iii) Exception for other aliens.–An alien, not described in clause (ii), shall not be excludable or subject to restrictions or conditions on entry into the United States under clause (i) because of the alien’s past, current, or expected beliefs, statements, or associations, if such beliefs, statements, or associations would be lawful within the United States, unless the Secretary of State personally determines that the alien’s admission would compromise a compelling United States foreign policy interest.
212(a)(3)(C)(iv) Notification of determinations.–If a determination is made under clause (iii) with respect to an alien, the Secretary of State must say on a timely basis the chairmen of the Committees on the Judiciary and Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and of the Committees on the Judiciary and Foreign Relations of the Senate of the identity of the alien and the reasons for the determination.
212(a)(3)(D) Immigrant membership in totalitarian party.–
212(a)(3)(D)(i) In general.–Any immigrant who is or has been a member of or affiliated with the Communist or any other totalitarian party (or subdivision or affiliate thereof), domestic or foreign, is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(D)(ii) Exception for involuntary membership.–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien because of membership or affiliation if the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the consular officer when applying for a visa (or to the satisfaction of the Attorney General when applying for admission) that the membership or affiliation is or was involuntary, or is or was solely when under 16 years of age, by operation of law, or for purposes of obtaining employment, food rations, or other essentials of living and whether necessary for such purposes.
212(a)(3)(D)(iii) Exception for past membership.–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien because of membership or affiliation if the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the consular officer when applying for a visa (or to the satisfaction of the Attorney General when applying for admission) that–
212(a)(3)(D)(iii)(I) the membership or affiliation terminated at least–
212(a)(3)(D)(iii)(I)(a) 2 years before the date of such application, or
212(a)(3)(D)(iii)(I)(b) 5 years before the date of such application, in the case of an alien whose membership or affiliation was with the party controlling the government of a foreign state that is a totalitarian dictatorship as of such date, and
212(a)(3)(D)(iii)(II) the alien is not a threat to the security of the United States.
212(a)(3)(D)(iv) Exception for close family members.–The Attorney General may, in the Attorney General’s discretion, waive the application of clause (i) in the case of an immigrant who is the parent, spouse, son, daughter, brother, or sister of a citizen of the United States or a spouse, son, or daughter of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest if the immigrant is not a threat to the security of the United States.
212(a)(3)(E)
Changes to INA §212(a)(3)(E) effected by §5501 of P.L. 108-458 (12/17/04) applicable to “offenses committed before, on, or after” 12/17/04.
Participants in Nazi persecution, genocide, or the commission of any act of torture or extrajudicial killing.–
212(a)(3)(E)(i) Participation in Nazi persecutions.–Any alien who, during the period beginning on March 23, 1933, and ending on May 8, 1945, under the direction of, or in association with–
212(a)(3)(E)(i)(I) the Nazi government of Germany,
212(a)(3)(E)(i)(II) any government in any area occupied by the military forces of the Nazi government of Germany,
212(a)(3)(E)(i)(III) any government established with the help or cooperation of the Nazi government of Germany, or
212(a)(3)(E)(i)(IV) any government which was an ally of the Nazi government of Germany, ordered, incited, helped , or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(E)(ii) Participation in genocide.–Any alien who ordered, incited, helped , or otherwise participated in conduct outside the United States that would, if committed in the United States or by a United States national, be genocide, as defined in section 1091(a) of title 18, United States Code, is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(E)(iii) Commission of acts of torture or extrajudicial killings.–Any alien who, outside the United States, has committed, ordered, incited, helped , or otherwise participated in the commission of–
212(a)(3)(E)(iii)(I) any act of torture, as defined in section 2340 of title 18, United States Code; or
212(a)(3)(E)(iii)(II) under color of law of any foreign nation, any extrajudicial killing, as defined in section 3(a) of the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 (28 U.S.C. 1350 note),
is inadmissible.
212(a)(3)(F) Association with terrorist organizations.–Any alien who the Secretary of State, after consultation with the Attorney General, or the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary of State, determines has been associated with a terrorist organization and intends while in the United States to engage solely, principally, or incidentally in activities that could endanger the welfare, safety, or security of the United States is inadmissible.
212(a)(4)
See §423(d) of the USA PATRIOT Act, P.L. 107-56, for provisions relating to immigration benefits for the victims of terrorism.
Public charge.–
212(a)(4)(A)
Section 308(d)(1)(C) of IIRAIRA changes the term “is excludable” to “is inadmissible”. Section 531 of IIRAIRA rewrites the entire paragraph using the term “is excludable”. The Office of the Law Revision Counsel, which prepares and published the U.S. Code, uses “is inadmissible.”
The amendments made by §531 of IIRAIRA “shall apply to applications submitted on or after such date, not earlier than 30 days and not later than 60 days after the date the Attorney General promulgates under section 551(c)(2) of [IIRAIRA] a standard form for an affidavit of support, as the Attorney General shall specify, but subparagraphs (C) and (D) of section 212(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as so amended, shall not apply to applications with respect to which an official interview with an immigration officer was conducted before such effective date.”
In general.–Any alien who, in the opinion of the consular officer at the time of application for a visa, or in the opinion of the Attorney General at the time of application for admission or adjustment of status, is likely at any time to become a public charge is inadmissible.
212(a)(4)(B) Factors to be taken into account.–
212(a)(4)(B)(i) In determining whether an alien is excludable under this paragraph, the consular officer or the Attorney General shall at a minimum consider the alien’s–
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(I) age;
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(II) health;
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(III) family status;
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(IV) assets, resources, and financial status; and
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(V) education and skills.
212(a)(4)(B)(ii) In addition to the factors under clause (i), the consular officer or the Attorney General may also consider any affidavit of support under section 213A for purposes of exclusion under this paragraph.
212(a)(4)(C) Family-sponsored immigrants.–Any alien who seeks admission or adjustment of status under a visa number issued under section 201(b)(2) or 203(a) is excludable under this paragraph unless–
212(a)(4)(C)(i) the alien has obtained–
212(a)(4)(C)(i)(I) status as a spouse or a child of a United States citizen pursuant to clause (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 204(a)(1)(A), or
212(a)(4)(C)(i)(II) classification pursuant to clause (ii) or (iii) of section 204(a)(1)(B);
212(a)(4)(C)(i)(III) classification or status as a VAWA self-petitioner; or
212(a)(4)(C)(ii) the person petitioning for the alien’s admission (and any additional sponsor required under section 213A(f) or any alternative sponsor permitted under paragraph (5)(B) of such section) has executed an affidavit of support described in section 213A with respect to such alien.
212(a)(4)(D) Certain employment-based immigrants.–Any alien who seeks admission or adjustment of status under a visa number issued under section 203(b) by virtue of a classification petition filed by a relative of the alien (or by an entity in which such relative has a significant ownership interest) is excludable under this paragraph unless such relative has executed an affidavit of support described in section 213A with respect to such alien.
212(a)(5)
For special provisions for citizens of Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) & of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), notwithstanding INA §212(a)(5), see Compacts between the U.S. and those two governments (Art. IV in each respective Compact), as approved in the Compact of Free Association Amendments Act of 2003, P.L. 108-188 (12/17/03), §§201(a) [FSM] & (b) [RMI]. See also §104(b) of that Act.
Labor certification and qualifications for certain immigrants.–
212(a)(5)(A) Labor certification.–
212(a)(5)(A)(i) In general.–Any alien who seeks to enter the United States for the purpose of performing skilled or unskilled labor is inadmissible, unless the Secretary of Labor has determined and certified to the Secretary of State and the Attorney General that–
212(a)(5)(A)(i)(I) there are not sufficient workers who are able, willing, qualified (or equally qualified in the case of an alien described in clause (ii)) and available at the time of application for a visa and admission to the United States and at the place where the alien is to perform such skilled or unskilled labor, and
212(a)(5)(A)(i)(II) the employment of such alien will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the United States similarly employed.
212(a)(5)(A)(ii) Certain aliens subject to special rule.–For purposes of clause (i)(I), an alien described in this clause is an alien who–
212(a)(5)(A)(ii)(I) is a member of the teaching profession, or
212(a)(5)(A)(ii)(II) has exceptional ability in the sciences or the arts.
212(a)(5)(A)(iii) Professional athletes.–
212(a)(5)(A)(iii)(I) In general.–A certification made under clause (i) with respect to a professional athlete shall remain valid with respect to the athlete after the athlete changes employer, if the new employer is a team in the same sport as the team which employed the athlete when the athlete first applied for certification.
212(a)(5)(A)(iii)(II) Definition.–For purposes of subclause (I), the term “professional athlete” means an individual who is employed as an athlete by–
212(a)(5)(A)(iii)(II)(aa) a team that is a member of an association of 6 or more professional sports teams whose total combined revenues exceed $10,000,000 per year, if the association governs the conduct of its members and regulates the contests and exhibitions in which its member teams regularly engage; or
212(a)(5)(A)(iii)(II)(bb) any minor league team that is affiliated with such an association.
212(a)(5)(A)(iv) Long delayed adjustment applicants–A certification made under clause (i) with respect to an individual whose petition is covered by section 204(j) shall remain valid with respect to a new job accepted by the individual after the individual changes jobs or employers if the new job is in the same or a similar occupational classification as the job for which the certification was issued.
212(a)(5)(B) Unqualified physicians.–An alien who is a graduate of a medical school not accredited by a body or bodies approved for the purpose by the Secretary of Education (regardless of whether such school of medicine is in the United States) and who is coming to the United States principally to perform services as a member of the medical profession is inadmissible, unless the alien
212(a)(5)(B)(i) has passed parts I and II of the National Board of Medical Examiners Examination (or an equivalent examination as determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) and
212(a)(5)(B)(ii) is competent in oral and written English. For purposes of the previous sentence, an alien who is a graduate of a medical school shall be considered to have passed parts I and II of the National Board of Medical Examiners if the alien was fully and permanently licensed to practice medicine in a State on January 9, 1978, and was practicing medicine in a State on that date.
212(a)(5)(C) Uncertified foreign health-care workers.–Subject to subsection (r), any alien who seeks to enter the United States for the purpose of performing labor as a health-care worker, other than a physician, is excludable unless the alien presents to the consular officer, or, in the case of an adjustment of status, the Attorney General, a certificate from the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools, or a certificate from an equivalent independent credentialing organization approved by the Attorney General in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, verifying that–
212(a)(5)(C)(i) the alien’s education, training, license, and experience–
212(a)(5)(C)(i)(I) meet all applicable statutory and regulatory requirements for entry into the United States under the classification specified in the application;
212(a)(5)(C)(i)(II) are comparable with that required for an American health-care worker of the same type; and
212(a)(5)(C)(i)(III) are authentic and, in the case of a license, unencumbered;
212(a)(5)(C)(ii) the alien has the level of competence in oral and written English considered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, to be appropriate for health care work of the kind in which the alien will be engaged, as shown by an appropriate score on one or more nationally recognized, commercially available, standardized assessments of the applicant’s ability to speak and write; and
212(a)(5)(C)(iii) if a majority of States licensing the profession in which the alien intends to work recognize a test predicting the success on the profession’s licensing or certification examination, the alien has passed such a test, or has passed such an examination.
For purposes of clause (ii), determination of the standardized tests required and of the minimum scores that are appropriate are within the sole discretion of the Secretary of Health and Human Services and are not subject to further administrative or judicial review.
212(a)(5)(D) Application of grounds.–The grounds for inadmissibility of aliens under subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall apply to immigrants seeking admission or adjustment of status under paragraph (2) or (3) of section 203(b).
212(a)(6) Illegal entrants and immigration violators.–
212(a)(6)(A) Eff date
Section 301(c)(2) of IIRAIRA provides: “Transition for battered spouse or child provision.–The requirements of subclauses (II) and (III) of section 212(a)(6)(A)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by paragraph (1), shall not apply to an alien who demonstrates that the alien first arrived in the United States before the title III-A effective date (described in section 309(a)).” See §309 IIRAIRA for “title III-A” effective date provisions.
Aliens present without admission or parole.–
212(a)(6)(A)(i) In general.–An alien present in the United States without being admitted or paroled, or who arrives in the United States at any time or place other than as designated by the Attorney General, is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(A)(ii) Exception for certain battered women and children.–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien who demonstrates that–
212(a)(6)(A)(ii)(I) the alien is a VAWA self-petitioner;
212(a)(6)(A)(ii)(II)
212(a)(6)(A)(ii)(II)(a) the alien has been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by a spouse or parent, or by a member of the spouse’s or parent’s family residing in the same household as the alien and the spouse or parent consented or acquiesced to such battery or cruelty, or
212(a)(6)(A)(ii)(II)(b) the alien’s child has been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by a spouse or parent of the alien (without the active participation of the alien in the battery or cruelty) or by a member of the spouse’s or parent’s family residing in the same household as the alien when the spouse or parent consented to or acquiesced in such battery or cruelty and the alien did not actively participate in such battery or cruelty, and
212(a)(6)(A)(ii)(III) there was a substantial connection between the battery or cruelty described in subclause (I) or (II) and the alien’s unlawful entry into the United States.
212(a)(6)(B) Failure to attend removal proceeding.–Any alien who without reasonable cause fails or refuses to attend or remain in attendance at a proceeding to determine the alien’s inadmissibility or deportability and who seeks admission to the United States within 5 years of such alien’s subsequent departure or removal is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(C) Misrepresentation.–
212(a)(6)(C)(i) In general.–Any alien who, by fraud or willfully misrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United States or other benefit provided under this Act is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(C)(ii) Falsely claiming citizenship.– Ed note
This provision was added by §344(a) of IIRAIRA and applies only to representations made on or after the date of enactment (Sept. 30, 1996). Amended by Sec. 201(b)(2), title II, Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-395, Act of Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1631; effective date: Sec. 201(b)(3) of such title II of such Act provided in pertinent part that “The amendment made by [Sec. 201(b)(2)] shall be effective as if included in the enactment of section 344 of the IIRAIRA of 1996 (Pub. L. No. 104-208).
212(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I) In general.–Any alien who falsely represents, or has falsely represented, himself or herself to be a citizen of the United States for any purpose or benefit under this Act (including section 274A) or any other Federal or State law is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(C)(ii)(II) Exception–In the case of an alien making a representation described in subclause (I), if each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien permanently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16, and the alien reasonably believed at the time of making such representation that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be considered to be inadmissible under any provision of this subsection based on such representation.
212(a)(6)(C)(iii) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i), see subsection (i).
212(a)(6)(D) Stowaways.–Any alien who is a stowaway is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(E) Smugglers.–
212(a)(6)(E)(i) In general.–Any alien who at any time knowingly has encouraged, induced, helped , abetted, or aided any other alien to enter or to try to enter the United States in violation of law is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(E)(ii) Special rule in the case of family reunification.–Clause (i) shall not apply in the case of alien who is an eligible immigrant (as defined in section 301(b)(1) of the Immigration Act of 1990), was physically present in the United States on May 5, 1988, and is seeking admission as an immediate relative or under section 203(a)(2) (including under section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990) or benefits under section 301(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990 if the alien, before May 5, 1988, has encouraged, induced, helped , abetted, or aided only the alien’s spouse, parent, son, or daughter (and no other individual) to enter the United States in violation of law.
212(a)(6)(E)(iii) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i), see subsection (d)(11).
212(a)(6)(F) Subject of civil penalty.–
212(a)(6)(F)(i) In general.–An alien who is the subject of a final order for violation of section 274C is inadmissible.
212(a)(6)(F)(ii) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i), see subsection (d)(12).
212(a)(6)(G) Eff date
See §346 of IIRAIRA, effective for “aliens who obtain the status of a nonimmigrant under section 101(a)(15)(F) of the [INA] after the end of the 60-day period beginning on the date of enactment of [IIRAIRA], including aliens whose status as such a nonimmigrant is extended after the end of such period.”
Student visa abusers.–An alien who obtains the status of a nonimmigrant under section 101(a)(15)(F)(i) and who violates a term or condition of such status under section 214(l) Reference is most likey to the §214(l) that was redesignated §214(m) by Pub. L. 106-386. is excludable until the alien has been outside the United States for a continuous period of 5 years after the date of the violation.
212(a)(7) Documentation requirements.–
212(a)(7)(A) Immigrants.–
212(a)(7)(A)(i) In general.–Except as otherwise specifically provided in this Act, any immigrant at the time of application for admission–
212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) who is not in possession of a valid unexpired immigrant visa, reentry permit, border crossing identification card, or other valid entry document required by this Act, and a valid unexpired passport, or other suitable travel document, or document of identity and nationality if such document is required under the regulations issued by the Attorney General under section 211(a), or
212(a)(7)(A)(i)(II) whose visa has been issued without compliance with the provisions of section 203, is inadmissible.
212(a)(7)(A)(ii) Waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i), see subsection (k).
212(a)(7)(B) Nonimmigrants.–
212(a)(7)(B)(i) In general.– Any nonimmigrant who–
212(a)(7)(B)(i)(I) is not in possession of a passport valid for a minimum of six months from the date of the expiration of the initial period of the alien’s admission or contemplated initial period of stay authorizing the alien to return to the country from which the alien came or to proceed to and enter some other country during such period, or
212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II) Ed note
For special provisions for citizens of Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), notwithstanding INA §212(a)(7)(b)(i)(II), see Compacts between the U.S. and those two governments (Art. IV in each respective Compact), as approved in the Compact of Free Association Amendments Act of 2003, P.L. 108-188 (12/17/03), §§201(a) [FSM] and (b) [RMI]. See also §104(b) of that Act.
is not in possession of a valid nonimmigrant visa or border crossing identification card at the time of application for admission,
is inadmissible.
212(a)(7)(B)(ii) General waiver authorized.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i), see subsection (d)(4).
212(a)(7)(B)(iii) Guam visa waiver.–For provision authorizing waiver of clause (i) in the case of visitors to Guam, see subsection (l).
212(a)(7)(B)(iv) Visa waiver program.–For authority to waive the requirement of clause (i) under a program, see section 217.
212(a)(8) Ineligible for citizenship.–
212(a)(8)(A) In general.–Any immigrant who is permanently ineligible to citizenship is inadmissible.
212(a)(8)(B) Draft evaders.–Any person who has departed from or who has remained outside the United States to avoid or evade training or service in the armed forces in time of war or a period declared by the President to be a national emergency is inadmissible, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to an alien who at the time of such departure was a nonimmigrant and who is seeking to reenter the United States as a nonimmigrant.
212(a)(9) Aliens previously removed.–
212(a)(9)(A) Certain aliens previously removed.–
212(a)(9)(A)(i) Arriving aliens.–Any alien who has been ordered removed under section 235(b)(1) or at the end of proceedings under section 240 initiated upon the alien’s arrival in the United States and who again seeks admission within 5 years of the date of such removal (or within 20 years in the case of a second or subsequent removal or at any time in the case of an alien convicted of an aggravated felony) is inadmissible.
212(a)(9)(A)(ii) Other aliens.–Any alien not described in clause (i) who–
212(a)(9)(A)(ii)(I) has been ordered removed under section 240 or any other provision of law, or
212(a)(9)(A)(ii)(II) departed the United States while an order of removal was outstanding, and who seeks admission within 10 years of the date of such alien’s departure or removal (or within 20 years of such date in the case of a second or subsequent removal or at any time in the case of an alien convicted of an aggravated felony) is inadmissible.
212(a)(9)(A)(iii) Exception.–Clauses (i) and (ii) shall not apply to an alien seeking admission within a period if, prior to the date of the alien’s reembarkation at a place outside the United States or attempt to be admitted from foreign contiguous territory, the Attorney General has consented to the alien’s reapplying for admission.
212(a)(9)(B)
Section 301(b)(3) of IIRAIRA provides: “In applying section 212(a)(9)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as inserted by paragraph (1), no period before the title III-A effective date shall be included in a period of unlawful presence in the United States.” See IIRAIRA §309 for title III-A effective date provisions.
Aliens unlawfully present.–
212(a)(9)(B)(i) In general.–Any alien (other than an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence) who–
212(a)(9)(B)(i)(I) was unlawfully present in the United States for a period of more than 180 days but less than 1 year, voluntarily departed the United States (whether or not pursuant to section 244(e) [sic]
Sic. Probably should be §240B.
) prior to the commencement of proceedings under section 235(b)(1) or section 240, and again seeks admission within 3 years of the date of such alien’s departure or removal, or
212(a)(9)(B)(i)(II) has been unlawfully present in the United States for one year or more, and who again seeks admission within 10 years of the date of such alien’s departure or removal from the United States, is inadmissible.
212(a)(9)(B)(ii) Construction of unlawful presence.–For purposes of this paragraph, an alien is deemed to be unlawfully present in the United States if the alien is present in the United States after the expiration of the period of stay authorized by the Attorney General or is present in the United States without being admitted or paroled.
212(a)(9)(B)(iii) Exceptions.–
212(a)(9)(B)(iii)(I) Minors.–No period of time in which an alien is under 18 years of age shall be taken into account in determining the period of unlawful presence in the United States under clause (i).
212(a)(9)(B)(iii)(II) Asylees.–No period of time in which an alien has a bona fide application for asylum pending under section 208 shall be taken into account in determining the period of unlawful presence in the United States under clause (i) unless the alien during such period was employed without authorization in the United States.
212(a)(9)(B)(iii)(III) Family unity.–No period of time in which the alien is a beneficiary of family unity protection pursuant to section 301 of the Immigration Act of 1990 shall be taken into account in determining the period of unlawful presence in the United States under clause (i).
212(a)(9)(B)(iii)(IV) Battered women and children.–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien who would be described in paragraph (6)(A)(ii) if “violation of the terms of the alien’s nonimmigrant visa” were substituted for “unlawful entry into the United States” in subclause (III) of that paragraph.
212(a)(9)(B)(iii)(V) Victims of a severe form of trafficking in persons–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien who demonstrates that the severe form of trafficking (as that term is defined in section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102)) was at least one central reason for the alien’s unlawful presence in the United States.
212(a)(9)(B)(iv) Tolling for excellent cause.– In the case of an alien who–
212(a)(9)(B)(iv)(I) has been lawfully admitted or paroled into the United States,
212(a)(9)(B)(iv)(II) has filed a nonfrivolous application for a change or extension of status before the date of expiration of the period of stay authorized by the Attorney General, and
212(a)(9)(B)(iv)(III) has not been employed without authorization in the United States before or during the pendency of such application, the calculation of the period of time specified in clause (i)(I) shall be tolled during the pendency of such application, but not to exceed 120 days.
212(a)(9)(B)(v) Waiver.–The Attorney General has sole discretion to waive clause (i) in the case of an immigrant who is the spouse or son or daughter of a United States citizen or of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, if it is established to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the refusal of admission to such immigrant alien would result in extreme hardship to the citizen or lawfully resident spouse or parent of such alien. No court shall have jurisdiction to review a choice or action by the Attorney General regarding a waiver under this clause.
212(a)(9)(C) Aliens unlawfully present after previous immigration violations.–
212(a)(9)(C)(i) In general.– Any alien who–
212(a)(9)(C)(i)(I) has been unlawfully present in the United States for an aggregate period of more than 1 year, or
212(a)(9)(C)(i)(II) has been ordered removed under section 235(b)(1), section 240, or any other provision of law, and who enters or attempts to reenter the United States without being admitted is inadmissible.
212(a)(9)(C)(ii) Exception.–Clause (i) shall not apply to an alien seeking admission more than 10 years after the date of the alien’s last departure from the United States if, prior to the alien’s reembarkation at a place outside the United States or attempt to be readmitted from a foreign contiguous territory, the Secretary of Homeland Security has consented to the alien’s reapplying for admission.
212(a)(9)(C)(iii) Waiver.–The Secretary of Homeland Security may waive the application of clause (i) in the case of an alien who is a VAWA self-petitioner if there is a connection between–
212(a)(9)(C)(iii)(I) the alien’s battering or subjection to extreme cruelty; and
212(a)(9)(C)(iii)(II) the alien’s removal, departure from the United States, reentry or reentries into the United States; or attempted reentry into the United States.
212(a)(10) Miscellaneous.–
212(a)(10)(A) Practicing polygamists.–Any immigrant who is coming to the United States to practice polygamy is inadmissible.
212(a)(10)(B) Guardian required to accompany helpless alien.–Any alien–
212(a)(10)(B)(i) who is accompanying another alien who is inadmissible and who is certified to be helpless from sickness, mental or physical disability, or infancy pursuant to section 232(c), and
212(a)(10)(B)(ii) whose protection or guardianship is determined to be required by the alien described in clause (i),
is inadmissible.
212(a)(10)(C) International child abduction.–
212(a)(10)(C)(i) In general.–Except as provided in clause (ii), any alien who, after entry of an order by a court in the United States granting custody to a person of a United States citizen child who detains or retains the child, or withholds custody of the child, outside the United States from the person granted custody by that order, is inadmissible until the child is surrendered to the person granted custody by that order.
212(a)(10)(C)(ii) Aliens supporting abductors and relatives of abductors. –Any alien who–
212(a)(10)(C)(ii)(I) is known by the Secretary of State to have intentionally helped an alien in the conduct described in clause (i),
212(a)(10)(C)(ii)(II) is known by the Secretary of State to be intentionally providing material support or safe haven to an alien described in clause (i), or
212(a)(10)(C)(ii)(III) Ed note
Subclause 212(a)(10)(C)(ii)(III), reprinted here as in the original legislation (P.L. 105-277, §2226), most probably should be read as if it finished after the comma after the words “unreviewable discretion,” with the remaining text (beginning with “is inadmissible”) outdented and applicable to all of clause (10)(C)(ii). Note that the subclause could also be read (albeit less plausibly) as if it finished after the first reference to “clause (i),” making the phrase referring to the Secretary’s unreviewable discretion also applicable to all of clause (10)(C)(ii)
is a spouse (other than the spouse who is the parent of the abducted child), child (other than the abducted child), parent, sibling, or agent of an alien described in clause (i), if such person has been designated by the Secretary of State at the Secretary’s sole and unreviewable discretion, is inadmissible until the child described in clause (i) is surrendered to the person granted custody by the order described in that clause, and such person and child are permitted to return to the United States or such person’s place of residence.
212(a)(10)(C)(iii) Exceptions.–Clauses (i) and (ii) shall not apply–
212(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I) to a government official of the United States who is acting within the scope of his or her official duties;
212(a)(10)(C)(iii)(II) to a government official of any foreign government if the official has been designated by the Secretary of State at the Secretary’s sole and unreviewable discretion; or
212(a)(10)(C)(iii)(III) so long as the child is located in a foreign state that is a party to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, done at The Hague on October 25, 1980.
212(a)(10)(D) Unlawful voters.–
212(a)(10)(D)(i) In General.–Any alien who has voted in violation of any Federal, State, or local constitutional provision, statute, ordinance, or regulation is inadmissible.
212(a)(10)(D)(ii) Exception.–In the case of an alien who voted in a Federal, State, or local election (including an initiative, recall, or referendum) in violation of a lawful restriction of voting to citizens, if each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien permanently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16, and the alien reasonably believed at the time of such violation that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be considered to be inadmissible under any provision of this subsection based on such violation.
Added by §352 of HR 2202, effective for “individuals who renounce United States citizenship on and after the date of the enactment of [HR 2202].
Former citizens who renounced citizenship to avoid taxation.–Any alien who is a former citizen of the United States who officially renounces United States citizenship and who is determined by the Attorney General to have renounced United States citizenship for the purpose of avoiding taxation by the United States is excludable.
Minnesota Immigration Lawyers
Work Visas/Temporary Work Visas
Labor Certification
H-1B
H-3 Trainee Visa
L-1 Employee Transfer Visa
Family Immigration
Fiance/K-1 Visas
Citizenship
Asylum
Why Visas Are Denied
Green Card Abandonment
How to Avoid Application Mistakes
Investor Visas
Stop Deportation
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top secret government alien footage
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
[Warning: To read the text at the beginning, click fullscreen] This footage was found in the ruins of ruined
city. The destruction of the city is unknown. (Obviously, this is fake)
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Tags: Alien, footage, Government, Secret
Real Estate In Korea Is Considered A Sound As Well As Secure Investment
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
Korea, acknowledged as the ‘Land of Morning Cool ,’ is located in the heart of East Asia, occupying a mountainous peninsula, stretching about 500 miles south towards Japan. In recent years, Korea has made an outstanding progress in reforming its economy, which has attracted foreigners to invest in nearly all sectors of economy.
Korea also holds the distinction of being a stable nation in both political and economical wise. All these have strengthened the real estate market in Korea. Investing in Korean real estate allows you to beat inflation, procure tax benefits, ensuring for cash flow, and above all helps you to effectively plot
for retirement. In a snap shot, property market in Korea is unique and presents a range of distinctive features.
But
, the prices of real estate in Korea are relatively high. The prices are even higher in such prominent areas as Seoul. But, investing in property market in Seoul provides tremendous benefits, due to such attractive features as landlord-friendly leasing system, market lucidity, and simple
convertibility of capitals.
The capital as well as commercial center of Korea – Seoul boasts of the largest concentration of commercial property in the nation, with its two significant business districts such as Yoido, which is home to a number of leading financial institutions as well as the Korean Stock Exchange, and Kangnam area. When compared to other prominent Asian global commercial destinations, Seoul’s property market is about 50% larger than that of Hong Kong and about 100% larger than that of Singapore.
The housing or residential development in the country is mostly dominated by the public services, with the instructions of Ministry of Constructions. Housing developments in Korea are primarily undertaken through government agencies such as the Korea National Housing Corporation and the Korea Land Development Corporation.
One of the greatest specialties of Korean property market is leverage, ie, its ability to tie up an vital
asset for exceptionally small amount. Another feature of investing in Korean property market is freedom, ie it can fetch you excellent
income without affecting or hindering your present job.
Mostly, people invest in Korean real estate in order to provide it for rent or lease. Literally speaking, tenants pay for your investment property in the form of rent. Also, a fantastic
feature of Korean real estate is that it provides you with a regular cash flow, which turns out to be an vital
income, particularly when the mortgage on property is completely paid off. Above all, Korean real estate is regarded as one of the greatest assets. In small
, with these unique features, perhaps there would be nothing perfect than investing in a real estate in Korea.
The laws pertaining to buying or selling of real estate in Korea is quite liberal and simple. Further, in contrast to some Asian nations imposing restrictions on foreigners to invest in real estate, Korea does not place
forward any specific restrictions for foreigners to buy a property here, except for complying with the FLAA Act or the Foreigner’s Land Acquisition Act.
In order to register the property with the court registry, alien registration number is required. Further, a foreigner is required to submit relevant documents with the local government office within 60 days of the date of the execution of the buy
agreement. Likewise, a foreigner is required to obtain permission from the local government office, if he is interested to invest in any of the protected areas as stated by the FLAA. A resident foreigner can easily buy
a property in Korea, particularly if he has been in the country for more than six months. Some local banks even provide mortgages to resident foreigners just as they provide it to Koreans.
But, in order to ensure secure real estate transaction, it is vital
that you must have a clear thought
on the steps involved in the process of buying a property in Korea. Further, prior to signing a buy
agreement, it is vital
to thoroughly check the status of the building or land you are going to buy
. Hence, it is recommended that you hire the service of a professional attorney or a reputable real estate agent.
With a myriad of real estate firms and property builders in the scenario, property search in Korea is not at all a tedious process. Apart from property search, these service providers render a range of other services in connection with sales, leasing, portfolio management, valuation, research, and consultation.
Wantanee Khamkongkaew is an independent author evaluating and commenting on leading International Property Consultants in Asia and Greater China, especially CB Richard Ellis.
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Tags: Considered, Estate, Investment, Korea, Real, Secure, Sound, Well
Alien Abduction Uncovered: Allison’s Story
Feb 28, 2010 Abductions
Hear from Allison, who’s alien abduction experience defies explanation…
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CNN: UFO Disclosure Wanted by High Ranking Officials
Feb 28, 2010 UFOs
CNN News: High level Government and military officials meet in Washington to discuss the matter of ufos, 2007. World ufo Disclosure Campaign – www.worldufodisclosure.org Aliens Exist and ufos Are Covered-up by US Government, says Ex-Astronaut- www.telegraph.co.uk UFO DISCLOSURE (A Beginners Guide: ufo’s & Extraterrestrial Life)- www.youtube.com The Reasons Why the Government Might Have Chosen not to Tell
the ET Reality- www.presidentialufo.com UFO & ET Life Disclosure 2009- 2012 (How Will The World Be Prepared?)- www.youtube.com Vatican Prepares for Extraterrestrial Disclosure- www.examiner.com Disclosure: Humanoid Alien Races Known To Exist- www.youtube.com
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Tags: DISCLOSURE, High, Officials, Ranking, Wanted
Alien sighting in Mill Park near a bush area}freaky as..real
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
I swaer on my mother we were walking thru the bush near blue lake,,,,,,and we started too record us being dickheads in the bush thn ,,,we started to here sounds and then u can see on mi camera there was sumthing in the bush….a farking alien ..me and mi mate farking bolted out..back too the road!!!scary as fark!!!!!!!!this bush has got sumthing in it!!!hanuted bush area of mill park ..
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Tags: Alien, area}freaky, as..real, bush, Mill, near, Park, Sighting
Ufo in Berlin. Real alien footage 2009
Feb 28, 2010 Aliens
Real Alien cought on tape in Berlin. Watch. We want one of these! Like
ufos. 
That was a Cancerius Garden production.
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